This happens even on new Dell machines, even if the PSU is detected but a lower wattage than the shipped PSU. I have wondered if it affects Linux more than windows though

A quick way to check would be to `cat /sys/devices/system/cpu/cpu0/cpufreq/scaling_max_freq` while you're on battery, then do it again after you've plugged in the PSU. I checked mine[0] and it apparently doesn't affect this model (the adapter I tested with does not communicate with the laptop at all).

[0]: https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=30458632 (god I really suck with the links today, lol)

Not well at all, snow covers road markings and doesn't always reflect back to the sensor, rain is similar. Puddles are invisible.