Wouldn't using multiple Spectrometry/Spectroscopy methods help in finding out the impurities in the process chemicals?

ICP-MS and NMR should cover most elemental impurities.

I don't have any experience working in that industry.

But based on what I know, modern ICs require exceptional levels of purity of the materials. A single atom can ruin a transistor, and therefore the complete chip.

AFAIK the methods you mentioned aren't sensitive enough to detect individual atoms in barrels of stuff. E.g. ICP-MS detects 1E-15 concentrations, but in absolute numbers, 1E15 molecules is only 1.66e-9 mole, e.g. for iron (55.8g/mole), it translates to 1E+10 defects per kg of stuff. Way too many.

> and therefore the complete chip.

Most semiconductor companies bin chips based on how broken they are. GPUs, for example, frequently have different skus with the same chip differentiated by how many processors are broken (and thus disabled).

Wouldn't you be able to run the test multiple times and increase your sensitivity to an arbitrary level? Too expensive?

Studied a fair bit of chemistry, but not a pro, so this is only a rough outline.

A lot of chemical test equipment use semiconductor sensors of some kind - optical or otherwise - and most likely the sensitivity limit is simply the noise floor of the sensors. In good instruments they tend use good, or amazing detectors but they are still operating at the noise floor, or sometimes even below.

So running tests again doesn't really help sensitivity, for that you would most likely have to use some chemical process that amplifies the effect of the contaminants you are looking for. Hence the problem of having to know what to lool for in validating new chemicals, if you need ultra pure chemicals.

Elemental impurites aren't what we were worried about. It was organics. How sure are you there's no weird bacterium that lives in sulfuric acid and likes to eat iso tank lining? Would you bet $100 million against it?

Its called a decompression valve.

They have replaced a pure mechanical linkage with a motor in each valve.

A typical 4 cylinder engine will now need sixteen extra motors to run it.

While I like the idea of controlling the timing of each valve interdependently for the other, I am not for the additional electronics in the engine.

Its even worse, they replaced 1 camshaft with 4 camshafts, because electric linear actuators are not there yet (and probably never will be).

The solution to this is to use Hybrid inverters+batteries with a auto disconnect on the mains.

The chiller unit consumes 1kW of power

and produces 1.7kW of cooling

Can you get 1kW of power from 1.7kW of cooling to power chiller unit?

Yes. The chiller unit consumes 1kW to move 1.7kW of heat off the CPU. It then has to dissipate 2.7kW.

Just a small clarification,

The chiller is rated at

1.7kW thermal while consuming

1kW electrical

That's about 1/2 tonne of AC. Insane ...

(and before anyone complains, yes, thermal pumps can have greater than 100% "efficiency" - that is: heat transported per energy spent)

>Insecure

None of the listed issues were applicable for the laptops that OP recommended

Also consider the following thinkpads

T5x0 - for a 15" Laptop

X2x0 - for 12" Laptops ( avoid the X2x0s)

W520, w530, P50, P51 - Desktop replacements 15" size

18650's have a 18mm diameter. a 32650 would make most laptops too thick

~260ms.

The route was Chennai-Amsterdam-Jordan-Iran

https://pastebin.com/nCT0VA2e

I imagine TheSockStealer was wondering about India to Iran ping time through Google's private network (the one in the diagram upthread), which doesn't appear have a connection from Chennai to Amsterdam.

The packets in the trace you posted were presumably routed by someone besides Google. Or did you run that traceroute from inside GCP?

Or I could be misunderstanding the diagram and maybe Google has some connections that aren't shown. I don't really get what the ">100" in "edge points of presence >100" means in the legend.