Mostly-unrelated question: could one build a desktop Linux distribution around Docker? Or rather, how difficult would it be? I assume OS X's application sandboxing uses a technology similar to LXC.
CoreOS could be a good starting point, but it's intended for servers so it's very bare bones (and the service discovery stuff might not make much sense)
You could run most essential system components (syslog, ssh, cron...) inside containers, and bind-mount /home when it makes sense. Since those components need elevated privileges, I don't know if containers would be that useful... And then systemd already puts services in cgroups; it's a nice approach (IMHO).
Or you could use containers a bit like virtualenvs. If you're a Python developer familiar with virtualenvwrapper, you probably use mkvirtualenv when you start working on a new project (or on a different setup for an existing project). Containers could be used in a similar manner with some clever wrappers.